According to current cosmological models, the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on a sufficiently large scale , i.e. it has the same st...
According to current cosmological models, the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on a sufficiently large scale, i.e. it has the same structure regardless of location and direction. Our universe is also characterized, according to astronomical observations, by the fact that gravitationally unbound galaxies move apart at a rate proportional to their distance - expressed by the Hubble constant - which is known to be about 70 km/s/Mpc.
However, as cosmological measurement techniques evolve, systematic discrepancies between different types of cosmic expansion velocity measurements become apparent. This discrepancy in practical measurements, while not significant, is disturbingly present to be the major problem with our theoretical cosmological models at present.
The homogeneous and isotropic nature of the universe is a fundamental feature of our cosmological models of the universe, but our measurements of the expansion of the universe based on different methods seem to contradict these basic assumptions. The question arises: are our practical observations, our various methods of measurement inaccurate, or are our theoretical assumptions about the universe flawed?
In this speculative thought, let us assume that the measurement results of expansion are accurate, that the study of the expansion of the universe does indeed show the non-homogeneous and non-isotropic nature of the universe. How could our current cosmological models be modified to require as little change as possible, yet still allow for the empirical results of practical measurements to be integrated without contradiction?
A possible logical way to resolve the discrepancy is to modify our theoretical cosmological models so that the Hubble constant measured in different directions can have different values. This assumption is worth exploring if the variance in the measured values of the Hubble constant is not in fact due to differences in methods, but to differences in the directions of measurement.
What cosmological model would allow the Hubble constant to deviate in different directions while maintaining the homogeneous and isotropic nature of the universe? These two conditions seem to contradict each other.
One possible cosmological model to resolve this contradiction is to assume a vibrating universe.
If we assume that the universe is also undergoing vibrating motion as it expands, then the expansion of space from any point in the universe, including from the Earth, can be different when viewed in different directions. The amount of divergence is a characteristic of the mode and magnitude of the vibration, so the nature of the oscillatory motion can be modelled theoretically from the divergence of the Hubble constant in different directions.
So, if the discrepancy between different types of measurements of the cosmic expansion rate could be traced back to the universe's expansion rate varying in different directions, by refining the practical measurements, then this could be a possible explanation for the vibrating motion of the universe that is present with the expansion.
If the assumption of vibration of the universe were a real property of the universe, this feature of the universe could also provide a solution to another feature of the universe that is difficult to explain with our current models: the way the early galaxy formation occurred.
After the birth of our universe, after the Big Bang, galaxies were formed rapidly, in a process that cannot be explained by our current models. If the universe was also undergoing vibrating motion immediately after the Big Bang - which initially may have been at rates greater than the rate compared to the expansion at present - this oscillatory motion, together with gravity, could have created the clustering and rarefaction of matter resulting in the formation necessary for the early birth of galaxies in the young universe. Measurements of galaxy formation can provide a model for the characteristics of the hypothesized vibrating motion.
A necessary criterion for, and must be a well observable consequence of the universe-wide vibrating motion is if regularity in the structure of the arrangement could be detected in the three-dimensional web-like distribution of galaxies. This should be a definite feature of the vibrating universe, which can be evaluated and decided by refining the measurements of the galaxy distribution.
If the hypothesis of a vibrating universe can be confirmed by observation, it can support the hypothesis of the grid model of space. The oscillating universe is a property that can be suitably fitted in the grid model of space.
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