Space and matter are the two most important, universe determining fundament of our world. Space and matter are not separated from each ot...
Space and matter are the two most important, universe determining fundament of our world. Space and matter are not separated from each other. Thanks to Albert Einstein, we know a lot what is the connection between them, how they are related. The connection described this way: space determines how the matter moves, and the matter determines how the space curve. The connection can be determined by this way also: matter shapes the space, and what shape space becomes, the matter moves on that shape. We call this space deformation as gravity.
According to our current knowledge, the connection between space and matter is gravity. Gravity acts like as it would be a force. Gravity looks like affects how matter moves in space. However, gravity is a quasi-force. It looks like a force, behave like a force, but it is not a force. Matter simply follows the curvature of the space (created by the matter itself), and do its movement without any acting force. When the matter is accelerating by the "force of the gravity," the acceleration happens because of the actual curvature of the space and without an actively acting force.
An intuitive but misleading model for this situation is, as the shape of a sheet (space) would form a pothole created by a big mass of matter on the sheet. Another matter's accelerated movement on the sheet is due as the matter is falling into this pothole. The misleading in this model is that the creation of the pothole, and falling into the pothole would happen by an apparent, outside gravity. In the real situation, no outside gravity exists, only the shape of the space is present.
Therefore, gravity is not a force, the movement - if no other acting outside force is present - happens by the curvature of the space. This is how space and matter are related, and this is what gravity is.
Matter shapes space by its apparent energy. We can describe the created shape quantitatively by applying the formulas of general relativity. However, something is still missing. Why does matter follow the curvature of the space? General relativity does not answer this question. Logically, the model is not complete. The missing element is: how matter attached to space. The matter's apparent energy curves space and the matter follow the curvature of the space, but how are they attached to each other? What kind of force or other physical effects can make this attachment?
The question is logical, not irrelevant, and not explained by general relativity. According to the intuitive yet the incorrect model mentioned earlier, the weight of the matter - created by an outside gravity - attaches the matter to space. In that model, it is how space is curved, and it is why the movement of the matter follows the shape of the space, and this is why it is incorrect. In the real situation, we cannot use outside gravitation as an acting force to make the attachment between the space and the matter.
Our current theory, the general relativity only describes the relationship between space and matter. General relativity explicitly defines the apparent energy of the matter and what shape this energy creates on the space, yet the description misses a crucial point: how matter is attached to space, how the apparent energy is able to curve the space?
Something is missing in the description of our current model of space and matter. Something is missing in the general relativity theory to understand the space-matter relationship. What missing is a force or something that behaves as a force, that attaches, connects matter, and space.
The simple, but misleading answer to the question is that the connection is the energy. It is misleading because it cannot provide a satisfying and fulfilling answer to the question. The energy provides and creates ability, but the theory needs a method. There is no method in general relativity how matter or energy shapes space and why and how matter follows space's curvature. We need a method of how matter and space attached. Energy is an ability and not a method. We need a described method of how space and matter attached besides the present ability to make the attachment.
This is not just a logical discomfort, not just a disturbing, yet an unnecessary element of the space-matter relationship. The method of the connection must be a real thing, a fundamental, and a determining property of our universe. The existence and the effect of the space-matter attachment can be seen, in most directly, in the accelerated expansion of the universe.
A scientific fact that a galaxy, which is far enough from us in our universe has a redshift of the spectrum of its emitted light. The apparent redshift can be explained in different ways.
Redshift can be caused by gravity, the curvature of the space. When light escapes from a gravitational pothole, its wavelength stretches, becomes redshifted. However, because we think that matter distributed evenly (on the big scale) in our universe, the redshift would be compensated by a gravitational blueshift as well as the light would fall in a gravitational pothole. Global, big-scale redshift cannot be caused by gravity in our universe.
Redshift can be caused by motion also. If a galaxy is moving away from us, we would see its spectrum redshifted. Actually, the global redshift and its dependence on the distance can be explained by a global distancing of the galaxies from us. The scientific agreement and explanation of the observed global redshift are that the distant galaxies are moving away from us. Our universe is expanding.
We see this expansion, as we would be in the center of the expansion. However, using the logical supposition that we are not the center of the universe, the possible conclusion of the global redshift is that every part of the universe is expanding.
The expansion is a generic property of the universe. Except for the gravitationally bounded, or better to say, except for the galaxies, which are in the same space pothole, the galaxies show a distancing movement from each other. The speed of this distancing movement is related to the distance of the actual galaxies. Further the galaxies from each other than faster the movement. The logical conclusion is that everything, which is not bounded somehow, is moving away from each other creating the faster speed bigger distance effect.
This kind of expansion can be explained by a one-time, sudden, global expansion of the universe. We call this event Big Bang, and we place this event at the starting point of our universe. It is a scientific agreement that our universe started in a one-time global expansion. The circumstances, which created the Big Bang then ceased, our universe evolves by itself from then, without the direct, actual presence of the effects, which caused the Big Bang.
What kind of motion, expansion would we see by this one-time event? We could see a complex movement of the galaxies, and a global distancing speed with a magnitude related to the distance. In addition, most importantly, we would see that the distancing speed should be decreasing in time because of the global, constantly present effect of gravity. What we definitely would not see from a global, sudden, one-time expansion is an accelerating expansion. However, this is what we exactly see. We see as the distancing galaxies are accelerating away from each other. According to the interpretation of the observation of the distant galaxies, our universe today bears a global accelerating expansion.
We do not know what causes the acceleration. We do not know why it happens. We use the term dark energy to hide our ignorance. Our current, best explanation is this: a constant, static, evenly distributed energy in the space creates an expanding force. Currently, the dark energy is overcoming the slowing effect of gravity created by the matter, and dark energy creates an accelerating distancing movement of the galaxies.
How this force, which creates the accelerating expansion, would work? According to our current view, dark energy affects the space itself. Space itself is expanding, today in an accelerating manner. As space expands, it drags the matter with it. Everything, which is not bounded locally by gravity or by locally acting forces are dragged by the expansion of the space. The effect of dark energy can create an accelerating movement that we observe.
And this accelerated expansion proves the existence of space-matter attachment and makes the unanswered questions significant. How the expanding space can drag the matter with it? How the matter is anchored to space? What force keeps the matter in the place of the space? How does the expanding space transfer its movement to the matter? How are matter and space attached to each other?
The gravity, the shape of the space cannot be the right answer. Gravity is not the cause of the attachment, gravity is the effect of this attachment. Matter can form, can shape the space with its apparent energy because of the attachment between space and matter exists. In the earlier mentioned intuitive model, the attachment exists because of an outside gravity. We cannot count on an outside force in the case of our universe. We need an explanation, which is fully contained within the universe itself. We do not know the answer. We really did not even ask these questions yet. But there are other questions also.
We know matter can be glued to each other. Locally acting forces or gravity can hold matter together. How the expanding, underlying space does affect this local togetherness? The two effects, the expanding space, and the locally acting hold-together force must affect each other through the attachment of space and matter. These oppositely acting effects must create local tension. What effect this tension can create? Is it what we observe as a presence of an apparent extra gravity by an unseen matter? Is the dark matter actually the stretching tension between the expanding space and the locally-glued-to-each-other matter through the space-matter attachment? It can be, or at least, it would create similar effects as an extra matter could create in a big scale on celestial objects. Because of the smallness of the effect, the tension can be seen only on big scales but must be present in small scales as well. Electromagnetic force holds together the atoms and molecules. The strong force holds together nucleons. The space-matter stretching would be small on those scales but should be present anyway. We cannot measure the stretching of the space on these small scales, but we might be able to observe it later.
Finally, and most importantly, what theory can describe and explain the attachment between space and matter? The theory should explain the attachment in a self-including manner. Grid model might be such a theory.
According to the grid model, the matter is a manifestation of the energy on the space, and matter does not exist as an independent ingredient of our universe. The matter is not attached to space, it exists on the space as a stable resonance on a grid-like structure of particles, what we may call space. According to the grid model, the matter is a quasi-manifestation, a special appearance of the energy on the grid field. In the grid model, no need special force for the attachment of the space and matter, matter appears on the space, no need to be attached to it.
The grid model might be able to describe our universe in one-step deeper what we now know, and might answer how matter attached to space. Is the grid model the right model of our universe? Moreover, can the grid model explain the space matter attachment too?
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